The Single Trial Learning Implications For Episodic...

â€Å"Single-trial learning of what and who information in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): implications for episodic memory† 1. â€Å"The authors refer to â€Å"episodic-like memory† as the kind of episodic memory present in nonhuman animals. Based on the rationale provided by the authors in the introduction of the article, as well as on the characteristics of episodic memory postulated by Tulving, explain how episodic-like memory is similar to and how it is different from human episodic memory?(8 points)† â€Å"Episodic-like memory† in non-human animals is very similar to episodic memory experienced by humans in that both retrieval methods involve retrieving memory in a short-term and long-term approach. In the two memory cases, human and nonhuman animals, both subjects experienced retention of some kind. Clayton and Dickinson explain that in order to be labeled episodic memory, the retained experience must include information about â€Å"who, what, where, and when†. The difference in human episodic memory and nonhuman episodic-like memory lies in the fact that humans can re-experience the events mentally, whereas it cannot be determined if animals are able to re-experience the events. â€Å"However, with the King study, the data demonstrates that animals, at least gorillas, are able to remember multiple components in each event. This explains the use of the term â€Å"episodic-like† memory and not actual episodic memory†. 2. â€Å"Describe the hypotheses that were tested in the study?.(7 points)†Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Repetitive Head Impact On Athletes Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctioning, including memory abilities, reaction time, informational processing speed, and impulse control. The Post-Injury Test results after the injury occur. The multiple of post-injury tests can be given to an individual during treatment and rehabilitation. The SCAT-2/SCAT-3 is known as a Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool. 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Use Psychological Theories to Explain Aggressive Behaviour Free Essays

Use Psychological theories to explain aggressive behaviour. Describe three method’s a coach might use to eliminate aggressive tendencies of performers and to encourage an active and healthy lifestyle. (6 Marks) Aggression is the attempt to harm outside the rules of the game. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Psychological Theories to Explain Aggressive Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many different theories of how aggression is formed. Instinct theory was proposed by Freud and is the trait view of behavior and shows the drawbacks of this perspective, that behaviour is at all time predictable. It proposes that aggression is genetically inherited and that a violent trait lies within everyone. Freud called this innate characteristic the ‘death instinct’, which purpose is to seek aggressive destruction. Lorenze put foreward the idea that aggressive energy is constantly building and needs to be released. Bandura presented the social learning theory, which has the view that all behaviour is learnt. Aggression is not a genetically based innate characteristic but it nurtured by the external environmental factors. So aggression can therefore be learned by watching and copying from role models and becomes an acceptable way to behave if it is reinforced. Aggression is likely to occur if it is part of the social and cultural norm of a group. The Frustration aggression hypothesis was proposed by Dollard, he proposed that frustration develops when goal-directed behaviour or need to achieve is blocked. The tendency towards frustration is increased when the pursued goal reflects ego or outcome orientation. Frustration occurs from environmental situations such as defeat, good opposition and poor officiating. This is a integrationist theory because frustration generated by the environment triggers the aggressive gene. If the aggressive act is successful, frustration is released and the aggressor feels good. This is known as a cathartic release. But if the aggression fails and results in punishment, further frustration is generated. The aggression cue hypothesis theory presents a second integrationist perspective and builds upon Dollard’s work. Berkowitz believed that frustration lead to an increase in arousal. However, he disagrees that frustration alone will always trigger aggression. He proposed that frustration creates a readiness for aggression, which is triggered when a provocative environmental cue is present. Aggressive cues such as perceived unfairness for example; biased officiators will trigger aggression in sport if arousal among participants is high. However, better players have the capacity to control frustration and arousal. A coach could introduce some cognitive strategies to lower psychological arousal such as counting to ten to regain composure. They could introduce somatic methods to eliminate aggression such as relaxation techniques and breathing techniques to calm down. The aggressive person could also be given a role of responsibility or shown that dysfunctional behaviour will be punished, for example in a match aggressive behaviour will not be tolerated and the player will be substituted. But also non-aggressive behaviour should be positively reinforced. Emphasis on non-aggressive role models will help to eliminate aggressive behaviour. The control of aggression positively promoted an active and healthy lifestyle. How to cite Use Psychological Theories to Explain Aggressive Behaviour, Essay examples

South Korea Country Attractiveness Report Essay Example

South Korea: Country Attractiveness Report Essay FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN D0M19B International Business Strategy SOUTH KOREA Shortened Country Attractiveness Report Antoine Hirschland Prof. Dr. Sleuwaegen Leo – 2010 – I. Introduction Thanks to the globalization, Asian economy is drawing more and more the attention of the rest of the world. Nevertheless, when we talk about economic growth in Asia, we think mostly about China, India or Japan whereas South Korean economy is staying quite unknown in Belgium. However, since the war in the Korean peninsula and the formation of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in 1948, South Korea has becoming a major economic power. Indeed, South Korea ranked fifteens (in terms of GDP) among the best world’s economies and fourth among Asian economies in 2009. To reach this, the Korean economy has experienced three development stages since the end of the Korean war: the economic autonomy increase from the ’50 to the ’60 in order to become less dependent on importations; the massive expansion of exportations during the ’70; the development of some industries form the ’70 until now to become one of the world leader in sectors like high technology, automotive, shipbuilding and steel industry. Furthermore, since the financial crisis of 1997, we can observe a decrease of the government intervention in the Korean economy and the development of a market-oriented economy. We will write a custom essay sample on South Korea: Country Attractiveness Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on South Korea: Country Attractiveness Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on South Korea: Country Attractiveness Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But South Korea is currently facing important difficulties like the lack of raw materials, the small size of the country, the competition with Chinese and Japanese industries and the political and military issues with North Korea. The purpose of this paper is to study the economic attractiveness of South Korea based on the â€Å"Diamond Model† framework of Porter (1998). We will also examine the main industries, the balance of trade and the political and commercial risks of investing in South Korea. II. Main industries Even if the largest and most known Korean companies around the world are producing goods (LG, Hyundai, etc. ), services represent the highest share of South Korean GDP with more than 55%. Almost all the rest of the GDP consist of manufacturing industry (around 40%), agriculture representing only 4% (mostly rice crops). It is also important to know that South Korea is the largest shipbuilder and the first producer of semi-conductor worldwide, and that the country has one of the largest automotive- and steel-industry. III. Balance of trade South Korea has always been heavily dependent on international trade. In 2009, the country was the 8th largest exporter ($363 billion) and the 10th largest importer ($323 billion) worldwide and the trade surplus amounted to $40 billion. As we mention it in the introduction, South Korea is suffering heavily from the lack of raw materials. As a consequence, the largest share of the imports consists in mineral products -1- (33%). In total, imports amounted to more than 323 billion in 2009 and the most of those imports came from China (23,9%) followed by the United States (10,4%) and Japan (6,0%). In 2009, Korean exports amounted to more than 43% the GDP, South Korea being the most dependent country on exports of the G-20 major economies. Electrical and electronic products represent the largest share of the exports (38%) followed by the sale of ships (14%). In recent years, chaebols (large industrial groups such as LG, Hyundai, Samsung, etc. ) have adopted a new export strategy aimed principally to emerging economies (South-East Asia, Africa and South America) at the expense of developed countries. Indeed those markets are less saturated and Korean goods compete there better with North American and European products thanks to lower costs and the low purchasing power of those countries. IV. South Korean competitive advantage based on the Porter’s Diamond The â€Å"Diamond Model† framework developed by Michael Porter in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1998) describes the reasons why a nation becomes competitive in particular industries. This framework consists in four attributes that promote or hinder the creation of competitive advantage for this nation. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry Factor Endowments Relating and supporting industries Demand conditions A. Factor endowments Factor endowments can relate to either basic- (natural resources, climate and location) or advanced factors (skilled labour, infrastructure and technological know-how). i. Basic factors South Korea’s basic factors are not especially advantageous in general. Indeed, South Korea is characterized by a variety of different climates. Located in the monsoon region of East Asia, the country has warm and wet summers and dry and cold winters. On average, temperatures are equal to -10 °C in winter and 30 to 35 degrees in summer. In June, July and August precipitations are more abundant. -2- Moreover, South Korea has no natural resource setting apart coal, tungsten and graphite. Finally, the location of the country can be considered both as a drawback and as an advantage. On the first hand, South Korea has borders nly with North Korea and crossing this one is almost impossible. On the other hand, South Korea is located in one of the most growing economic region in the world, just between China and Japan. ii. Advanced factors Those factors are a lot more advantageous. South Korea enjoys high quality infrastructures (communication, transportation, etc. ) to ensure the functioning of economic activity. According to the Global Competitive Report (GC R) 2010-2011, South Korean infrastructure ranks 12 among a total of 139 countries. Regarding technologies, South Korean industry has always been a pioneer in the technological know-how which has allowed the country to become one of the most advanced countries in this field. Lastly, the education system has always been based on rigour and excellence (South Korean higher education and training ranked 15th in the GCR) that allowed the country to build up a high-skilled workforce. B. Demand conditions The Korean home demand is characterized by high buyer sophistication. Indeed, according to the GCR, South Korean buyer sophistication ranks 11. This can be explained (in part) by the high level of education. Moreover, this sophisticated home demand means that consumers require products of high quality and influences positively the development of capabilities and pressures South Korean firms to be competitive and to innovate in order to respond to this demand. C. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry The Korean industry organisation is characterized by the predominance of large groups (as LG, Hyundai, Samsung etc. ) called chaebols doing business in a large diversity of activities. The structure is therefore principally oligopolistic. Currently, chaebols are responsible of the majority of Korean exportations. The Korean economic growth has therefore been mostly concentrated on the development of those -3- chaebols supported by financial institutions and the government at the expense of small and medium-sized enterprises. Even if the Korean market is defined by an oligopolistic structure (which normally does not promote rivalry), the global presence of the chaebols and the high competition in the global markets force the chaebols to innovate, to reduce cost or to improve quality. Nowadays, as far as innovation is concerned, South Korea ranks 12 the GCR, meaning that Korean companies spend significantly on R. Finally, with regards to the Korean management style, firms are generally organized with a clear hierarchy where values like respect, perseverance or obedience are quiet significant. D. Relating and supporting industries Since the ’60, the South Korean government has always promoted the development of clusters specialized in the sectors of exports, heavy industries and high technologies. This development has been supported by the high-quality infrastructures (transportation and communication). Moreover, the multiplicity of the chaebols’ activities has contributed to create international competitive and successful industries in South Korea. As a result of those government’s policies and the chaebols’ formation, South Korea rank quite high in the CGR: 33rd for its local supplier quality and 25th regarding its local supplier quantity and its cluster development. V. Business risks The risks of investing in a foreign country are determined by both political and commercial factors. According to the Ducroire-Delcredere’s Country risks analysis, South Korea presents a political risk of 1 out of 7 (â€Å"1† meaning low risks) and a commercial risk of â€Å"A† (â€Å"A† meaning low risks, â€Å"C† meaning the highest). Nevertheless some specific risks can be pointed out. The major risk by which the Korean business environment could be affected by political forces is represented by the actual conflict with North Korea. Recent military tensions between those two countries are indeed worldwide perceived as a threat to the region’s stability and making therefore investments in South Korea more risky. On political level, two other risks linked to the Korean government can also be identified. Firstly, the administrative bureaucracy seems to be inefficient to allow foreign investments. Secondly, in recent years, there has been an increase in corruption cases between politicians and some companies and we could think that in order to achieve a successful investment in South Korea, it seems quite important to have the favours of some government officials. 4- With regards to commercial risks, specific measures applied only to foreign investors can be considered as a risk in the sense that the Korean law is more restricting for foreign companies in general. Conclusions The Porter’s Diamond model applied to South Korea shows that despite the lack of raw material and its disadvantageous location, the country became the fifteenth world best economy in less than 60 years. This success has been made possible thanks to the creation of large industrial groups (the chaebols), the development of the infrastructures, the politics to acquire the highest technological know-how, the emergence of a high-skilled workforce and the massive expansion of exports. Nevertheless, some barriers seem to restrict the development of foreign direct investment in South Korea. Among them are the fears caused by the tensions with North Korea, the corruption issues and the government inefficiency. To conclude, it seems clear that South Korean economic attractiveness is high and that this country can represent a very interesting location for potential investors. List of references Ducroire-Delcredere SA. NV (2009). Political and Commercial Risks per country. http://www. delcredere. be/WebDucDel/Website. nsf/AllWeb/Korea+(South)? OpenDoc ument=1=en [24/11/10] KOTRA (2009). The Investment Environments of Major Asian Countries, Seoul, 176 p. http://www. scribd. com/doc/27330092/The-Investment-Environments-of-Major-AsianCountries [20/11/10] Ministry of Knowledge Economy (2009). Investment Environment Business Opportunities, Seoul, 40 p. http://www. Investkorea. com/ [20/11/10] OECD (2010). OECD Economic Surveys: Korea, 17 p. http://www. oecd. org/dataoecd/14/34/45432048. pdf [22/11/10] PricewaterhouseCooper (2009). Doing Business in Korea, 68 p. http://www. pwc. fr/assets/files/pdf/2010/07/coree/pwc_doing_biz_in_korea. pdf [24/11/10] Smart Export (2010), Market study: Rep. of Korea. http://www. smartexport. com/en/Rep. _of_Korea. html [21/11/10] Wikipedia (2010), South Korea. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/South_Korea#Economy

time changes everything essays

time changes everything essays Throughout time, with technology, higher learning, and new inventions things have a tendency to change. Our roads, ways of life, and communities have changed over time. A small town that may have been productive may not be now because of the changes. From our studies we have learned about how farms, buildings, and transportation have changed into forgotten history. Some of the things that are forgotten are farms that are big, probably used to be bigger. Old roads and bridges become new, general stores in small towns or communities become rundown and some abandon. These stores become rundown and abandon because there is now Wal-Mart and K-Mart that replace these general stores of the past. That is why I feel it was bound for Route 66 to be replaced. I believe if Route 66 is the mother of all roads in America it is because the talk of it being the mother of American roads. If it wasnt for people traveling Route 66, and coming back home, and telling their friends about it the road would have never really known as that type of major road. I have to ask the question; would we know about Route 66 if people didnt tell us about it. Of course there are other things, like the sites that you can see by traveling across the country. At the height of Route 66s travel it was the main highway to the west. Some of the things that attracted people to Route 66 the idea of the road is it will always mean going somewhere.(Pg. 27, Route 66) Another idea is if you have a fast car, a coast to reach, and a woman at the end of the road. (Pg.26, Route 66) You can say that Route 66 is the mother road because it was the first road to use one-mile intervals to let you know how far you had to go. There are many other things that make Route 66 the mother of American roads. I feel that what I have found are the strongest reasons that mak ...

I Hate Kids

I Hate Kids I Hate Kids I Hate Kids By Maeve Maddox No, I don’t hate children, young people, babies, infants, toddlers, adolescents, teenagers, or youth. I hate the universal use of the word â€Å"kid† or its plural to denote any and all of the categories of juvenile human beings. The word â€Å"kid† has its uses, certainly. It can be a friendly word, a loving wordin certain contexts. It does not, however, belong in every context. Words have connotations, subtle nuances of meaning that color the denotation of the word. When writers begin to use certain words as if one size fits all, meanings become distorted and underlying facts are distorted. The word â€Å"kid† has so many connotations that it is rarely the best choice in the context of news reporting. In addition to conveying youthfulness, the word â€Å"kid† has connotations of irresponsibility, poor judgment, innocence, and mischievousness. Adult behavior is not expected of â€Å"kids.† â€Å" Kids will be kids†. â€Å"Kids† are not to be taken seriously. Whatever â€Å"kids† do should be forgiven, because, after all, they’re â€Å"just kids.† And since â€Å"kids† are not adults, what they do doesn’t matter quite as much. These connotations become problematic in a news story that reports misbehaving juveniles who vandalize stores and cemeteries and beat homeless people to death. By calling these young criminals â€Å"kids,† the reporter is unconsciously asking the reader to make allowances for their behavior. News writers need to think twice before referring to accused rapists as â€Å"kids.† I am probably beating a dead horse. A new medical facility is under construction in my area. It’s going to be called the â€Å"Kids’ Clinic.† I’m just waiting for the day when I go to an art museum and see a portrait of the Blessed Virgin and Baby Jesus labeled â€Å"Mother and Kid.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidAt Your Disposal10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand - Essay Example Premium Economy class offered by Virgin constitutes a major chunk of its business that provides larger seats, priority in baggage reclaim, a cabin-exclusive crew, dedicated check-in and more that distinguishes them from the other airliners. Over these years, the VA brand is recognised as one of the most reliable and consumer-friendly air carrier that people have been ready to pay premium on their air travel; however, post 2008 financial crisis has caused major upheavals in the aviation industry. In last couple of years, numerous mergers have taken place among the major airliners and that has posed a grave threat to the VA. It becomes utmost necessary that Virgin forms a suitable merger or a strategic partnership with some other large airlines to improve its competitive edge over its rivals. Introduction Virgin airlines (VA) began its operations a way back in 1984 with a single route to New York; however, expanding its operations ever since then, currently, the Virgin flies to more th an 30 destinations with total 38 aircrafts at its disposal. At the home turf, Virgin competes with British Airways (BA) and holds number two position right behind BA beating many US carriers in the process. Competing with BA at all major routes is a big feat indeed! The paper aims at identifying and analysing the competitive strategy that Virgin Atlantic has deployed all these years against the formidable airlines of the world. Virgin Atlantic's Mission Statement Virgin Atlantic's mission statement is "To grow a profitable airline, that people love to fly and where people love to work" (Strategy and Policy, 2012). Objectives VA’s long-term objective is to grow and expand into a profitable airline creating a strong brand name in the aviation industry. In a bid to fulfill these objectives, the company moved to Heathrow in 1991. Since then the company has been able to push through many routes and several markets. Creating Competitive Strategy Lomax and Raman (2006) define compet itive advantage as the means that are necessary for the company to outperform its rivals in terms of earning higher than average profits. Hooley et al. (2008) argue that a well-formulated marketing strategy should be in place based on the competitive environment in which the company operates. Product positioning or niche marketing can derive benefits to the company when harnessed strategically (Johnson, 2011). Virgin competes with British Airways, Continental, American Airlines, United and Delta on transatlantic routes; BA, Cathay Pacific, ANA, and JAL to the Far East; SAA and BA to South Africa. Virgin has instituted a two class system for its passengers: Economy class and Upper Class. Economy class is further segmented into Premium Economy and Economy Class. Virgin employs several marketing techniques using its distinct logo to market its products and services that include print media, electronic media, taxi sides, outdoor posters. The sole purpose is to increase the awareness amo ng consumers about its products and services and inform the people about new routes. During off seasons, tactical promotional schemes are offered to increase the occupancy rates in air routes. Direct mail is another method used to inform about the new offerings and services. Frequent flyer programmes are used to increase the loyalty among existing customers.

Ethics 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics 2 - Article Example There are however, certain limitations, which restrains from the research being a complete empirical study. Firstly, the sample chosen is from one geographical community in Canada. Secondly, the industries chosen does not cover certain important sectors like fashion and hotel industry, which needs to maintain their CSR activities too. Yet, it might be noted that the main sectors, which are highly accountable to the social values, are taken into consideration. Thirdly, the sample size chosen is 16 people from positions of leadership only. A general view of the employees and executives should have been collected in order to judge the awareness towards CSR even at the base level in the industries. Rules and policies are easily formulated but the implementation is brought about through proper level of awareness and responsibility. The empirical study conducted here simply points out a region specific case study involving some managers from certain chosen sectors. Fourthly it may be noted that the interviews were perhaps not conducted in a systematic manner with the same set of questions asked to each respondent. Rather different respondents seem to give opinions from various angles and the reader has little idea about what questions were asked. Fifthly, a chance of bias arises owing to the purposive sampling method. The researchers seem to have obtained a sample in order to prove their predetermined notion. My experience in Saudi Arabia shows that the country’s domestic businesses are not concerned or affected by the global standards of CSR management. Rather they give most stress on the local society and look into their interests first. The company where I worked did provide goods at low cost/ discounts to the local buyers and absorbed local people as their employees especially for the low skilled positions. Saudi Arabia has thus escaped the influence of international standards of CSR, which might not be feasible